Sufficient statistics and latent trait models

For questionnaires with two answer categories, it has been proven in complete generality that if a minimal sufficient statistic exists for the individual parameter and if it is the same statistic for all values of the item parameters, then the raw score (or the number of correct answers) is the minimal sufficient statistic. It follows that the model must by of the Rasch type with logistic item characteristic curves and equal item-discriminating powers.This paper extends these results to multiple choice questionnaires. It is shown that the minimal sufficient statistic for the individual parameter is a function of the so-called score vector. It is also shown that the so-called equidistant scoring is the only scoring of a questionnaire that allows for a real valued sufficient statistic that is independent of the item parameters, if a certain ordering property for the sufficient statistic holds.     

良性前列腺增生手术适应证探讨与方法的选择

良性前列腺增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）是中老年患者的常见疾病,生活水平提高和寿命延长使得患者数量在逐年增加。电切镜的应用使下尿路疾病尤其是前列腺增生症的治疗发生了根本性的改变,新的治疗方法近年发展较快,并在BPH治疗过程中得到了广泛运用。前列腺增生症患者症状和程度各不相同,并且高龄高危患者居多,其手术适应证需要进一步探讨。开放前列腺切除术、经尿道前列腺电切术、经尿道前列腺汽化电切术、经尿道等离子前列腺电切术是目前常用的治疗方法,经尿道激光治疗、腹腔镜手术近几年开始尝试,初步应用证实其应用得当是有效、微创、并发症少的治疗方法,因此发展迅速。微波、超声消融、支架植入治疗目前较少应用,但有其适应证,尚不能替代经尿道前列腺电切术,可作为对症辅助治疗或适用于无法耐受手术者。结合国内外BPH诊治指南提出的手术适应证,查阅近年国内外发表相关文献,对于指南在实际应用和执行中遇到的问题与解决办法进行探讨。对各种外科手术的临床疗效予以对比和总结,探讨良性前列腺增生症外科治疗的临床决策问题。     

微创外科手术的人文关怀

医学存在自然和人文双重属性,医疗服务必须体现人文关怀。人文关怀的核心是以人为本,强调对人的尊重、理解、关心和爱护,重视人的作用。微创外科是传统外科的一场深刻的技术革命,其哲学基础是以人为本。微创外科手术以患者为主体和中心,提出对患者的主体地位和自由权的尊重;以减少对患者的创伤和痛苦为目的,强调患者的价值和尊严,重视对患者的无限关怀,其开创和发展充分体现了人文关怀的精神实质。     

微创神经外科发展的思考

神经外科的发展历史就是一个不断追求微创的过程.微创神经外科狭义的理解,更多侧重于微创技术手段的应用;而广义的理解,则是指微创理念.微创神经外科取得了很大的成就,但还有许多问题需要解决.在微创神经外科的实践和发展中,不仅应重视微创技术的应用,更要注意应用微创理念.     

Creativity and the artwork: the perspectives of a painter and a philosopher

Creativity in Robert Henri's view is a gratuitous act, shot through with mystery; what is left after such an act is the artwork itself as concrete evidence that such a heightened state of consciousness has been achieved. This paper will examine Henri's understanding of the nature of creativity from his perspective as a twentieth century New York painter, in conjunction with Eliot Deutsch's theoretical insights as a philosopher deeply interested in the nature of the experience of an artwork. In his Essays on the nature of art, Deutsch presents the view that the experience of an artwork involves the assimilation of the work's aesthetic force, the recognition of its meaning, the discernment of its formal dimensions, and ‘calls for a special appropriation that yields an integrated wholeness’. This paper presents commonalities between Henri's and Deutsch individual perspectives and discusses some value‐centred educational implications that could be drawn from these commonalities.     

幽门螺杆菌感染治疗新进展

在中国幽门螺杆茵(Helicobacter pybri,Hp)有非常高的感染率,国人感染率约55%,所以Hp感染处理中的临床问题是目前Hp研究领域中的重点课题,Hp感染治疗中的重要问题主要包括以下几方面:(1)哪些病人应该治疗?(治疗适应证问题);(2)如何治疗?(治疗方案问题);(3)如何避免或克服Hp对抗生素的耐药性问题?Hp对抗生素的耐药是Hp根除失败的主要原因,所以本文还要重点讨论Hp对抗生素的耐药牲,Hp根除失败的补救治疗及其治疗研究进展.     

“I'm Moderna,what are you?” Evidence that people favor those who received their same brand COVID-19 vaccine

In two studies, we investigated the extent to which people are biased toward people with the same COVID-19 vaccine brand using a monetary allocation task. Informed by theoretical approaches to intergroup bias and the minimal-groups paradigm, we expected that, when deciding how to allocate financial resources among three different people—each with an equal need for assistance but a different COVID-19 vaccine brand—people would allocate more money, on average, to those who received the same versus different vaccine brand than participants personally received. We found in Study 1 (N = 94) that people given a hypothetical $10.00 experimental endowment allocated an average of $2.00 more when a person was a member of their vaccine ingroup than to those from their vaccine brand outgroup. We replicated this effect in Study 2 (N = 219), finding that people continued to allocate more money ($1.42) to a person from their vaccine brand ingroup versus those from their vaccine brand outgroup. Taken together, this work suggests that, among vaccinated people, the brand of another person's vaccine meaningfully influences the allocation of monetary resources and that people are biased toward people with the same COVID-19 vaccine brand. Implications for social identity theories are discussed.     

Cross‐Situational Learning of Minimal Word Pairs

Cross‐situational statistical learning of words involves tracking co‐occurrences of auditory words and objects across time to infer word‐referent mappings. Previous research has demonstrated that learners can infer referents across sets of very phonologically distinct words (e.g., WUG, DAX), but it remains unknown whether learners can encode fine phonological differences during cross‐situational statistical learning. This study examined learners’ cross‐situational statistical learning of minimal pairs that differed on one consonant segment (e.g., BON–TON), minimal pairs that differed on one vowel segment (e.g., DEET–DIT), and non‐minimal pairs that differed on two or three segments (e.g., BON–DEET). Learners performed above chance for all pairs, but performed worse on vowel minimal pairs than on consonant minimal pairs or non‐minimal pairs. These findings demonstrate that learners can encode fine phonetic detail while tracking word‐referent co‐occurrence probabilities, but they suggest that phonological encoding may be weaker for vowels than for consonants.     

A problem of scope for the free energy principle as a theory of cognition

Those who endorse the free energy principle as a theory of cognition (as well as a theory of biological homeostasis) are committed to three propositions that are jointly incompatible but which will cohere if one of them is denied. The first of these is that the free energy principle gives us a self-sufficient explanation of what all cognitive systems consist in: a specific computational architecture. The second is that all adaptive behavior is driven by the free energy principle and the process of model-based inference it entails. The third is that cognition is not ubiquitous. These three incompatible propositions together comprise a problem of scope for the free energy principle as a theory of cognition. The prospects for rejecting each of these propositions are considered. To drop either the first or the second would limit the explanatory success of the principle. However, there are plausible ways to bite the bullet on denial of the third proposition. In particular, I argue that it is possible for the free energy theorist to admit that cognition is ubiquitous in biological systems while reserving conceptual space exclusively for human cognitive capacities.